The law lists specific acts—such as assisting with military or cyber operations, supplying drones, sabotage, or even receiving money from foreign agents—as capital offenses. It also criminalizes media activity, content sharing, and public protests deemed harmful to national security, with prison terms ranging from 2 to 15 years. Use or distribution of unauthorized internet tools like Starlink is punishable by up to 10 years in prison.
Notably, the law is retroactive, meaning it can be applied to past actions—despite violating Article 169 of Iran’s own constitution. The law expands previous penalties, which ranged from 1 to 10 years, and newly declares the U.S. a “hostile state.” Critics view this as a legal foundation for broader repression and executions, especially amid heightened regional tensions.